The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare

Chronology of Military Events, 400-1500

This chronology includes major battles and sieges and a few political markers such as the accession of important rulers. For brevity rulers of Germany are noted as HRE (Holy Roman Emperors), whether crowned only as King of the Romans or not. Byzantine Emperor is abbreviated as Byz., France as Fr., England as Eng., Spain as Sp. With long-lasting events, generally just the beginning is noted. * represents a battle; # a siege. The number in brackets shows the section in which details of the event can be found.

Date	Western Europe	Central and eastern Europe	Elsewhere
410	Alaric [1] sacks Rome
415	Visigoths reach Sp.
439	*Toulouse [1]
451	*Châlons [1]
452	*Aquileia [1]
453		d. Attila [1]
455	Sack of Rome
471		Theoderic king of Ostrogoths [1]
476	Odoacer [1] deposes Romulus Augustulus
481	Clovis [1] king of Franks
486	*Soissons [1]
490	*Adda [1]
496	*Tolbiac [1]
527		Justinian I Byz. [7]
531			Chosroes I Persia [7]
532		Nika Revolt [7]
541		Totila king of Ostrogoths [1]
552	*Busta Gallorum [1]
577	*Deorham [4]
582		Maurice Byz. [7]
610		Heraclius Byz. [7]
632			d. Mohammed
634	*Heavenfield [4]
636			*Yarmuk [7]
638			Muslims take Jerusalem
695	#Dorestad
710	Rodrigo I king of Visigoths [1]
711	Tāriq invades Sp. [1]
732	*Tours [1]
737	Charles Martel takes power [1]
751	Pepin king of Franks [2]
757	Offa king of Mercia [4] Desiderius king of Lombards [2]
771	Charlemagne sole king [2]
772		Charlemagne invades Saxony [2]
773	Charlemagne invades Lombardy [2]
778	*Roncesvalles; #Zaragoza [2]
782	Verden slaughter	*Süntel Mountains [2]
786			Haroun al-Rashid
795		Charlemagne defeats the Avars
800	Charlemagne crowned HRE *Barcelona [2]; Godfred king Denmark [3]
808	Danewirk built	Krum khagan [7]
811	*Tortosa [2]
813		LeoV Byz. [7]
814	d. Charlemagne Louis the Pious HRE [2]
834	#Dorestad [7]
841	*Fontenoy [7]
843	Charles the Bald king [7]
852	#Jeufosse [3]
858	#Oissel [3]
860		Rus attack Constantinople [7]
865		Rus attack Constantinople [7]
867		Basil I Byz. [7]
870	Harold Finehair king Norway [3]
871	*Ashdown; Alfred the Great king Wessex [4]
876	*Andernach [2]
878	Athelney; *Edington [4] Peace of Wedmore
885	#Paris [3]
886		Leo VI Byz. [7]
891	*Dyle [3]
893		First Bulgar empire
900	*Hafrsfjord [3]
911	Treaty of St-Clair-sur-Epte	Conrad I HRE [6]
912	Abd er Rahman caliph [11]
919		Henry the Fowler HRE [6]
924	Aethelstan king Eng. [4]
927		Symeon khan [7]
932	#Toledo [11]
933		*Riade [6]
936	Louis IV king Fr.	Otto I HRE [6]
937	*Brunanburh [4]
955		*Lechfeld [6]
958	Harold Bluetooth king Denmark [3]
968			Fatimids invade Egypt
973		Otto II HRE [6]
974	*Hals [3]
976		Basil II Byz. [7]
978	Aethelred II king Eng. [4]
980	*Tara [3]
983		Otto III HRE [6]
987	Hugh Capet king Fr. [9]
989	Sigtrygg Silkbeard king Dublin [3]
991	*Maldon [4]
992	*Conquereux [2]
993		Otto III crowned Emperor [6]
1000		Stephen king Hungary [6]
1014	*Clontarf [3]
1016	*Ashdown [4] Cnut king Eng. [4]
1024		Conrad II HRE [6]
1025	St Ólaf king Norway [3]
1026	*Holy River [3]
1030	*Stiklestad [3]
1031	Henry I king Fr. [9]
1035	William II duke Normandy [5] Magnús the Good king Norway [3]
1038	George Maniakes invades Italy [7]
1040	Macbeth king Scots
1042	Edward the Confessor king Eng.
1045	Harold Hardrada king Norway [3]
1053	*Civitate [5]
1056		Henry IV HRE [6]
1060	Philip I king Fr. [9]
1061	Normans invade Sicily
1063		Alp Arslan sultan [7]
1066	*Stamford Bridge [5] *Hastings [5]
1071	*Cassel [9]	*Manzikert [7]	Seljuks over Anatolia
1072	Alfonso VI king León [11]
1075			Seljuks take Jerusalem
1077	Meeting at Canossa
1080	*Flarcheim [6]	*Durazzo [5] Alexius I Comnenus Byz. [7]
1086	*Zalaka [11]		Kilij Arslan sultan [8]
1087	William Rufus king Eng. [5]
1094	El Cid takes Valencia [11]
1096			First Crusade
1097	#Huesca [11]	#Antioch [8]
1099			#Jerusalem *Ascalon [8]
1100	Henry I king Eng. [5]
1106	*Tinchebrai [5]
1108	Louis VI king Fr. [9]
1109	Alfonso I king Aragon [11]
1111	Henry V HRE [6]
1119	*Brémule [5]
1127	Charles the Good killed
1130	Roger II king Sicily [5]
1135	Stephen king Eng. [5]
1137	Louis VII king Fr. [9]	Conrad III HRE [6]
1138	*Standard [5]
1141	*Lincoln [5]
1143		Manuel I Byz. [7]
1144			#Edessa [8]
1147			Second Crusade
1148			#Damascus [8]
1152		Frederick Barbarossa HRE [6]
1154	Henry II king Eng. [10]
1155		Barbarossa crowned HRE [6]
1165	William the Lion king Scots [10]
1166	Alfonso VI king Castile [11]
1169	Strongbow to Ireland [10]
1170	d. Becket
1175			Saladin rules Egypt and Syria
1176	*Legnano [6]
1180	Philip Augustus king Fr. [9]
1187		*Hattin #Jerusalem [8]
1189	Richard the Lionheart king Eng. [10]
1190			Third Crusade
1191			#Acre *Arsuf [8]
1196	*Alarcos [11]
1197		Otto IV HRE [6]
1199	John king Eng. [10]
1202		#Zara, Fourth Crusade [8]
1203	#Château-Gaillard [9]
1204		#Constantinople [8]   Baldwin I Byz. [7]	Emergence Genghis Khan
1208	Albigensian Crusade	Otto IV HRE [6]
1212	*Las Navas de Tolosa [11]
1213	*Muret [9]
1214	*Bouvines [9]
1215	Magna Carta	Frederick II HRE [6]
1217	*Lincoln *Sandwich [10] Jaime I king Aragón [11]	Fifth Crusade
1224	#Bedford [10]
1226	St Louis king Fr. [9]
1227			d. Genghis Khan
1228			Frederick II's Crusade
1229	Jaime I invades Mallorca
1232	Jaime I attacks Valencia [11]
1236	#Córdoba [11]		Mongols attack Hungary
1237	*Cortenuova [6]
1241		*Leignitz [6] Mongols to Vienna
1242	*Taillebourg [9]	*Lake Peipus [6]
1243			#Jerusalem
1244	Montségur [9]		*La Forbie [8] Fall of Jerusalem
1247			Alexander Nevsky prince of Kiev [6]
1248			St Louis' Crusade
1250			*Mansurah [8]
1258	Treaties of Corbeil and Paris		Mongols take Baghdad
1260			*Ayn Jalut [8]
1261		Michael VIII enters Constantinople [7]	Emergence of Kublai Khān
1263	*Largs [10]
1264	*Lewes [10]
1265	*Evesham [10]
1266	Charles of Anjou takes Sicily [12] *Benevento [12]
1268	*Tagliacozzo [12]
1270			St Louis' Tunis Crusade
1271			d. St Louis [9]
1272	Edward I king Eng. [10]		Marco Polo goes east
1273		Rudolf I HRE [6]
1279			Qalawun sultan [8]
1280			Othman sultan [7]
1282	Sicilian Vespers [12]
1285	Philip IV king Fr. [9]
1290			al-Ashraf sultan [8]
1291			Fall of Acre [8]
1296	*Dunbar [10]
1297	*Stirling [10]
1298	*Falkirk [10]
1302	*Courtrai [9]
1304	*Mons-en-Pévèle [9]
1306	*Methven [10]
1308		Henry VII HRE [6]
1314	*Bannockburn [10]
1315		*Morgarten [6]
1322	*Boroughbridge [10]
1324			Orhan sultan [7]
1327	Edward III king Eng. [10]
1328	Philip VI king Fr. [9] *Cassel [9]
1333	*Halidon Hill [10]
1336		Stephen Dušan king Serbia [7]
1337	Opening of Hundred Years' War
1340	*Sluys [9] *Salado [11]
1346	*Neville's Cross [10] *Crécy [9]	Charles IV HRE [6]
1347	#Calais [9] Black Death through Europe
1356	*Poitiers [9]
1358	Jacquerie [9]
1359			Murad I sultan [7]
1360	Treaty of Brétigny
1364	Charles V king Fr. [9]
1366	Enrique de Trástamara king Castile [11]
1367	*Nájera [11]
1369			Tamberlane khan [7]
1370	#Limoges [9]
1371		*Maritsa [6]
1372	*La Rochelle [9]
1376	War of the Eight Saints [12]	Wenceslas IV HRE [6]
1378	Gian Galeazzo Visconti over	Milan [12]
1380	Charles VI king Fr. [9]	*Chioggia [12]
1381	Peasants' Revolt [10]
1382	*Roosebeke [9]
1385	*Aljubarrota [11]
1386	Louis of Anjou king Naples [12]		*Sempach [6]
1387	*Radcot Bridge [10]
1388	*Otterburn [10]
1389		*Kosovo [7]	Bayezit I sultan [7]
1391		Manuel II Byz. [7]
1396		*Nicopolis [7]
1399	Henry IV king Eng. [10]
1402	*Homildon Hill [10]		*Ankara [7]
1403	*Shrewsbury [10]
1407	Murder of Louis of Orléans
1408	*Bramham Moor [10]
1410		Sigismund HRE	*Tannenberg [6]
1412	Filippo Maria Visconti over Milan [12]
1413	Henry V king Eng. [10]
1415	*Agincourt [9]
1419		Opening of Hussite Wars
1420	Treaty of Troyes
1421	*Baugé [9]		Murad II sultan [7]
1422	Henry VI king Eng. [10]
1423	*Cravant [9]
1429	Orléans relieved [9]
1431	d. Joan of Arc [9]
1434	Cosimo Medici over Florence [12]
1435	Treaty of Arras
1438		Albert II of Habsburg HRE
1440		Frederick III HRE [6]
1442	Alfonso I of Aragón king Naples [12]		#Rhodes [8]
1444	*Varna [8]
1448		*2nd Kosovo [7]
1450	Cade's Rebellion [10] *Formigny [9] Francesco Sforza over Milan [12]
1451			Mehmet II sultan [7]
1453	*Castillon [9]	Fall of Constantinople [7]
1455	*1st St Albans [10]
1460	* Wakefield [10]		Ottomans over Peloponnese
1461	*2nd St Albans *Towton [10] Louis XI king Fr. [9]
1465	*Montlhéry [9]
1469	Lorenzo the Magnificent over Florence [12]
1471	*Barnet *Tewkesbury [10]
1474	Ferdinand and Isabella over Castile [11]
1476	*Grandson *Morat [6]
1477	*Nancy [6]
1479	*Guinegate
1480		#Rhodes [8]
1481			Bayezit II sultan [7]
1485	*Bosworth [10] Henry VII king Eng.
1486		Maximilian I HRE [6]
1487	*Stoke [10]
1492	Taking of Granada [11]		Voyage of Columbus
1494	Charles VIII invades Italy [12] Ludovico il Moro over Milan [12]