Introduction

About the Book

McIntyre has composed a very readable history of English for beginning students, written in a colloquial style and filled with well-chose examples that illustrate the most important processes and changes within the millennium-and-half history of English. The exercises in section C which accompany the sections on the external (social) history (Section A) and the internal (linguistic) course of English (Section B) are generally do-able and frequently start with the kind of experience young students bring to the subject. The readings in the final section (D) are an extremely valuable supplement to all three of the preceding parts of the book — though on a sometimes considerably more demanding level.
Stephan Gramley, University of Bielefeld, Germany

Routledge English Language Introductions cover core areas of language study and are one-stop resources for students.

Assuming no prior knowledge, books in the series offer an accessible overview of the subject, with activities, study questions, sample analyses, commentaries and key readings — all in the same volume. The innovative and flexible ‘two-dimensional’ structure is built around four sections — introduction, development, exploration and extension — which offer self-contained stages for study. Each topic can be read across these sections, enabling the reader to build gradually on the knowledge gained.

The History of English:

  • provides a comprehensive introduction to the history of English
  • covers the origins of English, the change from Old to Middle English and the influence of other languages on English
  • provides key readings from leading figures in the field such as Jean Aitchison, Dick Leith, Bruce Mitchell and David Graddol.

Structured to reflect the chronological development of the English language, History of English describes and explains the major changes in the language over a span of more than fifteen hundred years, and covers aspects from structural change to attitudes towards usage. The book also considers international varieties of English and how contemporary events are continuing to influence the development of English as a global language.

Incorporating examples from a wide variety of texts, History of English provides an interactive and structured textbook that will be essential reading for all students of English language and linguistics.

Table of Contents

Section A: An External History of English

  • A1 Origins of English
  • A2 The history of English or the history of Englishes?
  • A3 Language contact in the Middle Ages
  • A4 From Middle English to Early Modern English
  • A5 The process of standardisation
  • A6 Colonialism, Imperialism and the spread of English
  • A7 Moves towards Present Day English
  • A8 Global English and beyond

Section B: A Developing Language

  • B1 Understanding Old English
  • B2 Varieties of Old English
  • B3 The emergence of Middle English
  • B4 Sound shifts
  • B5 Writing in Early Modern English
  • B6 The development of American English
  • B7 International English
  • B8 The globalisation of English

Section C: Exploring the History of English

  • C1 The roots of English
  • C2 Regions and dialects
  • C3 From Old English to Middle English
  • C4 Codification and attitudes towards English
  • C5 Further elements of grammar in Early Modern English
  • C6 English in the New World
  • C7 Present Day Englishes
  • C8 The future of English?

Section D: Readings in the History of English

  • D1 Vocabulary in Old English
  • D2 Old English dialects
  • D3 The influence of French
  • D4 Changes in pronunciation
  • D5 ‘Fixing’ the language
  • D6 American English
  • D7 A corpus approach to linguistic development
  • D8 Predicting the future

Further Reading

References

About the Author

Dan McIntyre is a lecturer in English Language at the University of Huddersfield. His research interests include stylistics, the history of the English language and corpus linguistics. His publications include Point of View in Plays (John Benjamins, 2006) and the co-edited Stylistics and Social Cognition (Rodopi, 2007).

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Sample Essay Questions

Check your understanding of the major aspects of the history of English by answering the questions below.

  1. Why do historians of English tend to divide the stages of the language's development into Old, Middle and Early Modern English? What distinguishes these different forms of the language from each other?
  2. How did Old English differ from Modern English? Can you explain this with reference to both grammar and vocabulary?
  3. What factors caused Old English to develop into Middle English and in what ways did the language change?
  4. What effect has religion had on the development of English over time?
  5. Choose ten place names local to where you come from and, using an etymological dictionary, find out what these names mean and how they have developed over time. What do the place names you have chosen tell you about the settlement of these areas over time?
  6. How and why did a standard form of English develop? When did this occur and what changes did the language undergo during the process of standardisation?
  7. What were the initial causes of the global spread of English and how did these affect the linguistic development of the language?
  8. What were the major external causes of the development of American English?
  9. In what ways did the English language develop during the twentieth century? Try to consider linguistic development at more than one linguistic level.
  10. Based on what you know about the development of English from its earliest inception, can you speculate on how the English language might develop in the future? What kinds of changes might we expect to see and what factors affect the extent to which you can make such predictions?

Web Resources

There is a great deal of useful information on the internet concerning the historical development of the English language. If you are new to study of the history of English, however, it can be difficult to decide on the reliability of a source. For this reason, it is best when writing academic essays on the topic to stick to published sources such as books and journal articles. The websites referred to in this section provide reliable supplementary information.

The Language Varieties Website of the University of New England, Australia, contains information about numerous international varieties of English: www.une.edu.au/langnet/

The Department of Anthropology at the University of Arizona hosts a site containing information about a number of varieties of English, including Canadian English and African American English: www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/CanadianEnglish.html

John Newman's page at the University of Alberta is an excellent source of information about New Zealand English:www.ualberta.ca/~johnnewm/NZEnglish/home.html

Texts, Manuscripts & Images

Georgetown University sponsors an excellent source of material for Medieval Studies, which includes substantial language-related resources such as digital manuscripts and texts: www.georgetown.edu/departments/medieval/labyrinth/

The websites below contain information about and images of the Franks Casket and the Ruthwell Cross, referred to in D2.1:

Online Dictionaries and Related Resources

Resources for Studying Linguistic Change

Varieties of English

  • The Language Varieties Website of the University of New England, Australia, contains information about numerous international varieties of English: www.une.edu.au/langnet/
  • The Department of Anthropology at the University of Arizona hosts a site containing information about a number of varieties of English, including Canadian English and African American English: www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/CanadianEnglish.html
  • John Newman's page at the University of Alberta is an excellent source of information about New Zealand English: www.ualberta.ca/~johnnewm/NZEnglish/home.html

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12